switch

switch (expression) {
  case value1:
    statements
  case value2:
    statements
  // …
  case valueN:
    statements
  default:
    statements
}

expression

An expression whose result is matched against each case clause.

case valueN Optional

A case clause used to match against expression. If the expression matches the specified valueN (which can be any expression), execution starts from the first statement after that case clause until either the end of the switch statement or the first encountered break.

default Optional

A default clause; if provided, this clause is executed if the value of expression doesn't match any of the case clauses. A switch statement can only have one default clause.

A switch statement first evaluates its expression. It then looks for the first case clause whose expression evaluates to the same value as the result of the input expression (using the strict equality comparison) and transfers control to that clause, executing all statements following that clause.

The clause values are only evaluated when necessary — if a match is already found, subsequent case clause values will not be evaluated, even when they will be visited by fall-through.

switch (undefined) {
  case console.log(1):
  case console.log(2):
}
// Only logs 1

If no matching case clause is found, the program looks for the optional default clause, and if found, transfers control to that clause, executing statements following that clause. If no default clause is found, the program continues execution at the statement following the end of switch. By convention, the default clause is the last clause, but it does not need to be so. A switch statement may only have one default clause; multiple default clauses will result in a SyntaxError.

You can use the break statement within a switch statement's body to break out early, often when all statements between two case clauses have been executed. Execution will continue at the first statement following switch.

If break is omitted, execution will proceed to the next case clause, even to the default clause, regardless of whether the value of that clause matches. This behavior is called "fall-through".

const foo = 0;
switch (foo) {
  case -1:
    console.log("negative 1");
    break;
  case 0: // Value of foo matches this criteria; execution starts from here
    console.log(0);
  // Forgotten break! Execution falls through
  case 1: // no break statement in 'case 0:' so this case will run as well
    console.log(1);
    break; // Break encountered; will not continue into 'case 2:'
  case 2:
    console.log(2);
    break;
  default:
    console.log("default");
}
// Logs 0 and 1

In the appropriate context, other control-flow statements also have the effect of breaking out of the switch statement. For example, if the switch statement is contained in a function, then a return statement terminates the execution of the function body and therefore the switch statement. If the switch statement is contained in a loop, then a continue statement stops the switch statement and jumps to the next iteration of the loop.

The case and default clauses are like labels: they indicate possible places that control flow may jump to. However, they don't create lexical scopes themselves (neither do they automatically break out — as demonstrated above). For example:

const action = "say_hello";
switch (action) {
  case "say_hello":
    const message = "hello";
    console.log(message);
    break;
  case "say_hi":
    const message = "hi";
    console.log(message);
    break;
  default:
    console.log("Empty action received.");
}

This example will output the error "Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'message' has already been declared", because the first const message = 'hello'; conflicts with the second const message = 'hi'; declaration, even when they're within their own separate case clauses. Ultimately, this is due to both const declarations being within the same block scope created by the switch body.

To fix this, whenever you need to use let or const declarations in a case clause, wrap it in a block.

const action = "say_hello";
switch (action) {
  case "say_hello": {
    const message = "hello";
    console.log(message);
    break;
  }
  case "say_hi": {
    const message = "hi";
    console.log(message);
    break;
  }
  default: {
    console.log("Empty action received.");
  }
}

This code will now output hello in the console as it should, without any errors.

In the following example, if expr evaluates to Bananas, the program matches the value with case case 'Bananas' and executes the associated statement. When break is encountered, the program breaks out of switch and executes the statement following switch. If break were omitted, the statement for the case 'Cherries' would also be executed.

switch (expr) {
  case "Oranges":
    console.log("Oranges are $0.59 a pound.");
    break;
  case "Apples":
    console.log("Apples are $0.32 a pound.");
    break;
  case "Bananas":
    console.log("Bananas are $0.48 a pound.");
    break;
  case "Cherries":
    console.log("Cherries are $3.00 a pound.");
    break;
  case "Mangoes":
  case "Papayas":
    console.log("Mangoes and papayas are $2.79 a pound.");
    break;
  default:
    console.log(`Sorry, we are out of ${expr}.`);
}

console.log("Is there anything else you'd like?");

If no match is found, execution will start from the default clause, and execute all statements after that.

const foo = 5;
switch (foo) {
  case 2:
    console.log(2);
    break; // it encounters this break so will not continue into 'default:'
  default:
    console.log("default");
  // fall-through
  case 1:
    console.log("1");
}

It also works when you put default before all other case clauses.

This method takes advantage of the fact that if there is no break below a case clause, execution will continue to the next case clause regardless if that case meets the criteria.

The following is an example of a single operation sequential case statement, where four different values perform exactly the same.

const Animal = "Giraffe";
switch (Animal) {
  case "Cow":
  case "Giraffe":
  case "Dog":
  case "Pig":
    console.log("This animal is not extinct.");
    break;
  case "Dinosaur":
  default:
    console.log("This animal is extinct.");
}

The following is an example of a multiple-operation sequential case clause, where, depending on the provided integer, you can receive different output. This shows you that it will traverse in the order that you put the case clauses, and it does not have to be numerically sequential. In JavaScript, you can even mix in definitions of strings into these case statements as well.

const foo = 1;
let output = "Output: ";
switch (foo) {
  case 0:
    output += "So ";
  case 1:
    output += "What ";
    output += "Is ";
  case 2:
    output += "Your ";
  case 3:
    output += "Name";
  case 4:
    output += "?";
    console.log(output);
    break;
  case 5:
    output += "!";
    console.log(output);
    break;
  default:
    console.log("Please pick a number from 0 to 5!");
}

The output from this example:

You may often find yourself doing a series of if...else matches.

if ("fetch" in globalThis) {
  // Fetch a resource with fetch
} else if ("XMLHttpRequest" in globalThis) {
  // Fetch a resource with XMLHttpRequest
} else {
  // Fetch a resource with some custom AJAX logic
}

This pattern is not doing a sequence of === comparisons, but you can still convert it to a switch construct.

switch (true) {
  case "fetch" in globalThis:
    // Fetch a resource with fetch
    break;
  case "XMLHttpRequest" in globalThis:
    // Fetch a resource with XMLHttpRequest
    break;
  default:
    // Fetch a resource with some custom AJAX logic
    break;
}

The switch (true) pattern as an alternative to if...else is especially useful if you want to utilize the fall-through behavior.

switch (true) {
  case isSquare(shape):
    console.log("This shape is a square.");
  // Fall-through, since a square is a rectangle as well!
  case isRectangle(shape):
    console.log("This shape is a rectangle.");
  case isQuadrilateral(shape):
    console.log("This shape is a quadrilateral.");
    break;
  case isCircle(shape):
    console.log("This shape is a circle.");
    break;
}

• if...else