Number
Number
values represent floating-point numbers like 37
or -9.25
.
The Number
constructor contains constants and methods for working with numbers. Values of other types can be converted to numbers using the Number()
function.
Description
Numbers are most commonly expressed in literal forms like 255
or 3.14159
. The lexical grammar contains a more detailed reference.
js
255; // two-hundred and fifty-five
255.0; // same number
255 === 255.0; // true
255 === 0xff; // true (hexadecimal notation)
255 === 0b11111111; // true (binary notation)
255 === 0.255e3; // true (decimal exponential notation)
A number literal like 37
in JavaScript code is a floating-point value, not an integer. There is no separate integer type in common everyday use. (JavaScript also has a BigInt
type, but it's not designed to replace Number for everyday uses. 37
is still a number, not a BigInt.)
When used as a function, Number(value)
converts a string or other value to the Number type. If the value can't be converted, it returns NaN
.
js
Number("123"); // returns the number 123
Number("123") === 123; // true
Number("unicorn"); // NaN
Number(undefined); // NaN
Number encoding
The JavaScript Number
type is a double-precision 64-bit binary format IEEE 754 value, like double
in Java or C#. This means it can represent fractional values, but there are some limits to the stored number's magnitude and precision. Very briefly, an IEEE 754 double-precision number uses 64 bits to represent 3 parts:
- 1 bit for the sign (positive or negative)
- 11 bits for the exponent (-1022 to 1023)
- 52 bits for the mantissa (representing a number between 0 and 1)
The mantissa (also called significand) is the part of the number representing the actual value (significant digits). The exponent is the power of 2 that the mantissa should be multiplied by. Thinking about it as scientific notation:
The mantissa is stored with 52 bits, interpreted as digits after 1.…
in a binary fractional number. Therefore, the mantissa's precision is 2-52 (obtainable via Number.EPSILON
), or about 15 to 17 decimal places; arithmetic above that level of precision is subject to rounding.
The largest value a number can hold is 21024 - 1 (with the exponent being 1023 and the mantissa being 0.1111… in base 2), which is obtainable via Number.MAX_VALUE
. Values higher than that are replaced with the special number constant Infinity
.
Integers can only be represented without loss of precision in the range -253 + 1 to 253 - 1, inclusive (obtainable via Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
and Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
), because the mantissa can only hold 53 bits (including the leading 1).
More details on this are described in the ECMAScript standard.
Number coercion
Many built-in operations that expect numbers first coerce their arguments to numbers (which is largely why Number
objects behave similarly to number primitives). The operation can be summarized as follows:
- Numbers are returned as-is.
undefined
turns intoNaN
.null
turns into0
.true
turns into1
;false
turns into0
.- Strings are converted by parsing them as if they contain a number literal. Parsing failure results in
NaN
. There are some minor differences compared to an actual number literal:- Leading and trailing whitespace/line terminators are ignored.
- A leading
0
digit does not cause the number to become an octal literal (or get rejected in strict mode). +
and-
are allowed at the start of the string to indicate its sign. (In actual code, they "look like" part of the literal, but are actually separate unary operators.) However, the sign can only appear once, and must not be followed by whitespace.Infinity
and-Infinity
are recognized as literals. In actual code, they are global variables.- Empty or whitespace-only strings are converted to
0
. - Numeric separators are not allowed.
- BigInts throw a
TypeError
to prevent unintended implicit coercion causing loss of precision. - Symbols throw a
TypeError
. - Objects are first converted to a primitive by calling their
[@@toPrimitive]()
(with"number"
as hint),valueOf()
, andtoString()
methods, in that order. The resulting primitive is then converted to a number.
There are two ways to achieve nearly the same effect in JavaScript.
- Unary plus:
+x
does exactly the number coercion steps explained above to convertx
. - The
Number()
function:Number(x)
uses the same algorithm to convertx
, except that BigInts don't throw aTypeError
, but return their number value, with possible loss of precision.
Number.parseFloat()
and Number.parseInt()
are similar to Number()
but only convert strings, and have slightly different parsing rules. For example, parseInt()
doesn't recognize the decimal point, and parseFloat()
doesn't recognize the 0x
prefix.
Integer conversion
Some operations expect integers, most notably those that work with array/string indices, date/time components, and number radixes. After performing the number coercion steps above, the result is truncated to an integer (by discarding the fractional part). If the number is ±Infinity, it's returned as-is. If the number is NaN
or -0
, it's returned as 0
. The result is therefore always an integer (which is not -0
) or ±Infinity.
Notably, when converted to integers, both undefined
and null
become 0
, because undefined
is converted to NaN
, which also becomes 0
.
Fixed-width number conversion
JavaScript has some lower-level functions that deal with the binary encoding of integer numbers, most notably bitwise operators and TypedArray
objects. Bitwise operators always convert the operands to 32-bit integers. In these cases, after converting the value to a number, the number is then normalized to the given width by first truncating the fractional part and then taking the lowest bits in the integer's two's complement encoding.
js
new Int32Array([1.1, 1.9, -1.1, -1.9]); // Int32Array(4) [ 1, 1, -1, -1 ]
new Int8Array([257, -257]); // Int8Array(2) [ 1, -1 ]
// 257 = 0001 0000 0001
// = 0000 0001 (mod 2^8)
// = 1
// -257 = 1110 1111 1111
// = 1111 1111 (mod 2^8)
// = -1 (as signed integer)
new Uint8Array([257, -257]); // Uint8Array(2) [ 1, 255 ]
// -257 = 1110 1111 1111
// = 1111 1111 (mod 2^8)
// = 255 (as unsigned integer)
Constructor
Number()
-
Creates a new
Number
value.
When Number
is called as a constructor (with new
), it creates a Number
object, which is not a primitive. For example, typeof new Number(42) === "object"
, and new Number(42) !== 42
(although new Number(42) == 42
).
Warning: You should rarely find yourself using Number
as a constructor.
Static properties
Number.EPSILON
-
The smallest interval between two representable numbers.
Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
-
The maximum safe integer in JavaScript (253 - 1).
Number.MAX_VALUE
-
The largest positive representable number.
Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
-
The minimum safe integer in JavaScript (-(253 - 1)).
Number.MIN_VALUE
-
The smallest positive representable number—that is, the positive number closest to zero (without actually being zero).
Number.NaN
-
Special "Not a Number" value.
Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
-
Special value representing negative infinity. Returned on overflow.
Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
-
Special value representing infinity. Returned on overflow.
Static methods
Number.isFinite()
-
Determine whether the passed value is a finite number.
Number.isInteger()
-
Determine whether the passed value is an integer.
Number.isNaN()
-
Determine whether the passed value is
NaN
. Number.isSafeInteger()
-
Determine whether the passed value is a safe integer (number between -(253 - 1) and 253 - 1).
Number.parseFloat()
-
This is the same as the global
parseFloat()
function. Number.parseInt()
-
This is the same as the global
parseInt()
function.
Instance properties
These properties are defined on Number.prototype
and shared by all Number
instances.
Number.prototype.constructor
-
The constructor function that created the instance object. For
Number
instances, the initial value is theNumber
constructor.
Instance methods
Number.prototype.toExponential()
-
Returns a string representing the number in exponential notation.
Number.prototype.toFixed()
-
Returns a string representing the number in fixed-point notation.
Number.prototype.toLocaleString()
-
Returns a string with a language sensitive representation of this number. Overrides the
Object.prototype.toLocaleString()
method. Number.prototype.toPrecision()
-
Returns a string representing the number to a specified precision in fixed-point or exponential notation.
Number.prototype.toString()
-
Returns a string representing the specified object in the specified radix ("base"). Overrides the
Object.prototype.toString()
method. Number.prototype.valueOf()
-
Returns the primitive value of the specified object. Overrides the
Object.prototype.valueOf()
method.
Examples
Using the Number object to assign values to numeric variables
The following example uses the Number
object's properties to assign values to several numeric variables:
js
const biggestNum = Number.MAX_VALUE;
const smallestNum = Number.MIN_VALUE;
const infiniteNum = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
const negInfiniteNum = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
const notANum = Number.NaN;
Integer range for Number
The following example shows the minimum and maximum integer values that can be represented as Number
object.
js
const biggestInt = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; // (2**53 - 1) => 9007199254740991
const smallestInt = Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER; // -(2**53 - 1) => -9007199254740991
When parsing data that has been serialized to JSON, integer values falling outside of this range can be expected to become corrupted when JSON parser coerces them to Number
type.
A possible workaround is to use String
instead.
Larger numbers can be represented using the BigInt
type.
Using Number() to convert a Date object
The following example converts the Date
object to a numerical value using Number
as a function:
js
const d = new Date("1995-12-17T03:24:00");
console.log(Number(d));
This logs 819199440000
.
Convert numeric strings and null to numbers
js
Number("123"); // 123
Number("123") === 123; // true
Number("12.3"); // 12.3
Number("12.00"); // 12
Number("123e-1"); // 12.3
Number(""); // 0
Number(null); // 0
Number("0x11"); // 17
Number("0b11"); // 3
Number("0o11"); // 9
Number("foo"); // NaN
Number("100a"); // NaN
Number("-Infinity"); // -Infinity
Specifications
Specification |
---|
ECMAScript Language Specification # sec-number-objects |
Browser compatibility
BCD tables only load in the browser
See also
- Polyfill of modern
Number
behavior (with support binary and octal literals) incore-js
NaN
- Arithmetic operators
- The
Math
global object - Integers with arbitrary precision:
BigInt