Bitwise XOR (^)
The bitwise XOR (^
) operator returns a number or BigInt whose binary representation has a 1
in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of either but not both operands are 1
.
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Syntax
js
x ^ y
Description
The ^
operator is overloaded for two types of operands: number and BigInt. For numbers, the operator returns a 32-bit integer. For BigInts, the operator returns a BigInt. It first coerces both operands to numeric values and tests the types of them. It performs BigInt XOR if both operands becomes BigInts; otherwise, it converts both operands to 32-bit integers and performs number bitwise XOR. A TypeError
is thrown if one operand becomes a BigInt but the other becomes a number.
The operator operates on the operands' bit representations in two's complement. Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on. The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise.
The truth table for the XOR operation is:
x | y | x XOR y |
---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 0 |
9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2) 14 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001110 (base 2) -------------------------------- 14 ^ 9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000000111 (base 2) = 7 (base 10)
Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant bits discarded. For example, the following integer with more than 32 bits will be converted to a 32-bit integer:
Before: 11100110111110100000000000000110000000000001 After: 10100000000000000110000000000001
For BigInts, there's no truncation. Conceptually, understand positive BigInts as having an infinite number of leading 0
bits, and negative BigInts having an infinite number of leading 1
bits.
Bitwise XORing any number x
with 0
returns x
converted to a 32-bit integer. Do not use ^ 0
to truncate numbers to integers; use Math.trunc()
instead.
Examples
Using bitwise XOR
js
// 9 (00000000000000000000000000001001)
// 14 (00000000000000000000000000001110)
14 ^ 9;
// 7 (00000000000000000000000000000111)
14n ^ 9n; // 7n
Specifications
Specification |
---|
ECMAScript Language Specification # prod-BitwiseXORExpression |
Browser compatibility
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