Compiling from Rust to WebAssembly
If you have some Rust code, you can compile it into WebAssembly (Wasm). This tutorial will show you how to compile a Rust project into WebAssembly and use it in an existing web app.
Rust and WebAssembly use cases
There are two main use cases for Rust and WebAssembly:
- Build an entire application — an entire web app based in Rust.
- Build a part of an application — using Rust in an existing JavaScript frontend.
For now, the Rust team is focusing on the latter case, and so that's what we cover here. For the former case, check out projects like yew
.
In this tutorial, we build a package using wasm-pack
, a tool for building JavaScript packages in Rust. This package will contain only WebAssembly and JavaScript code, and so the users of the package won't need Rust installed. They may not even notice that it's written in Rust.
Rust Environment Setup
Let's go through all the required steps to get our environment set up.
Install Rust
Install Rust by going to the Install Rust page and following the instructions. This installs a tool called "rustup", which lets you manage multiple versions of Rust. By default, it installs the latest stable Rust release, which you can use for general Rust development. Rustup installs rustc
, the Rust compiler, as well as cargo
, Rust's package manager, rust-std
, Rust's standard libraries, and some helpful docs — rust-docs
.
Note: Pay attention to the post-install note about needing cargo's bin
directory in your system PATH
. This is added automatically, but you must restart your terminal for it to take effect.
wasm-pack
To build the package, we need an additional tool, wasm-pack
. This helps compile the code to WebAssembly, as well as produce the right packaging for use in the browser. To download and install it, enter the following command into your terminal:
bash
cargo install wasm-pack
Building our WebAssembly package
Enough setup; let's create a new package in Rust. Navigate to wherever you keep your personal projects, and type this:
bash
$ cargo new --lib hello-wasm
Created library `hello-wasm` project
This creates a new library in a subdirectory named hello-wasm
with everything you need to get going:
├── Cargo.toml └── src └── lib.rs
First, we have Cargo.toml
; this is the file that we use to configure our build. If you've used Gemfile
from Bundler or package.json
from npm, this is likely to be familiar; Cargo works in a similar manner to both of them.
Next, Cargo has generated some Rust code for us in src/lib.rs
:
rust
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(2 + 2, 4);
}
}
We won't use this test code at all, so go ahead and delete it.
Let's write some Rust
Let's put this code into src/lib.rs
instead:
rust
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
pub fn alert(s: &str);
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn greet(name: &str) {
alert(&format!("Hello, {}!", name));
}
This is the contents of our Rust project. It has three main parts; let's talk about each of them in turn. We give a high-level explanation here, and gloss over some details; to learn more about Rust, please check the free online book The Rust Programming Language.
Using wasm-bindgen
to communicate between Rust and JavaScript
The first part looks like this:
rust
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
Libraries are called "crates" in Rust.
Get it? Cargo ships crates.
The first line contains a use
command, which imports code from a library into your code. In this case, we're importing everything in the wasm_bindgen::prelude
module. We use these features in the next section.
Before we move on to the next section, we should talk a bit more about wasm-bindgen
.
wasm-pack
uses wasm-bindgen
, another tool, to provide a bridge between the types of JavaScript and Rust. It allows JavaScript to call a Rust API with a string, or a Rust function to catch a JavaScript exception.
We use wasm-bindgen
's functionality in our package. In fact, that's the next section.
Calling external functions in JavaScript from Rust
The next part looks like this:
rust
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
pub fn alert(s: &str);
}
The bit inside the #[ ]
is called an "attribute", and it modifies the next statement somehow. In this case, that statement is an extern
, which tells Rust that we want to call some externally defined functions. The attribute says "wasm-bindgen knows how to find these functions".
The third line is a function signature, written in Rust. It says "the alert
function takes one argument, a string named s
."
As you might suspect, this is the alert
function provided by JavaScript. We call this function in the next section.
Whenever you want to call JavaScript functions, you can add them to this file, and wasm-bindgen
takes care of setting everything up for you. Not everything is supported yet, but we're working on it. Please file bugs if something is missing.
Producing Rust functions that JavaScript can call
The final part is this one:
rust
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn greet(name: &str) {
alert(&format!("Hello, {}!", name));
}
Once again, we see the #[wasm_bindgen]
attribute. In this case, it's not modifying an extern
block, but a fn
; this means that we want this Rust function to be able to be called by JavaScript. It's the opposite of extern
: these aren't the functions we need, but rather the functions we're giving out to the world.
This function is named greet
, and takes one argument, a string (written &str
), name
. It then calls the alert
function we asked for in the extern
block above. It passes a call to the format!
macro, which lets us concatenate strings.
The format!
macro takes two arguments in this case, a format string, and a variable to put in it. The format string is the "Hello, {}!"
bit. It contains {}
s, where variables will be interpolated. The variable we're passing is name
, the argument to the function, so if we call greet("Steve")
we should see "Hello, Steve!".
This is passed to alert()
, so when we call this function we will see an alert box with "Hello, Steve!" in it.
Now that our library is written, let's build it.
Compiling our code to WebAssembly
To compile our code correctly, we first need to configure it with Cargo.toml
. Open this file, and change its contents to look like this:
toml
[package]
name = "hello-wasm"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["Your Name <you@example.com>"]
description = "A sample project with wasm-pack"
license = "MIT/Apache-2.0"
repository = "https://github.com/yourgithubusername/hello-wasm"
edition = "2018"
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib"]
[dependencies]
wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
Fill in your own repository and use the same info that git
uses for the authors
field.
The big part to add is the [package]
. The [lib]
part tells Rust to build a cdylib
version of our package; we won't get into what that means in this tutorial. For more, consult the Cargo and Rust Linkage documentation.
The last section is the [dependencies]
section. Here's where we tell Cargo what version of wasm-bindgen
we want to depend on; in this case, that's any 0.2.z
version (but not 0.3.0
or above).
Building the package
Now that we've got everything set up, let's build the package. Type this into your terminal:
bash
wasm-pack build --target web
This does a number of things (and they take a lot of time, especially the first time you run wasm-pack
). To learn about them in detail, check out this blog post on Mozilla Hacks. In short, wasm-pack build
:
- Compiles your Rust code to WebAssembly.
- Runs
wasm-bindgen
on that WebAssembly, generating a JavaScript file that wraps up that WebAssembly file into a module the browser can understand. - Creates a
pkg
directory and moves that JavaScript file and your WebAssembly code into it. - Reads your
Cargo.toml
and produces an equivalentpackage.json
. - Copies your
README.md
(if you have one) into the package.
The end result? You have a package inside the pkg
directory.
A digression about code size
If you check out the generated WebAssembly code size, it may be a few hundred kilobytes. We haven't instructed Rust to optimize for size at all, and doing so cuts down on the size a lot. This is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but if you'd like to learn more, check out the Rust WebAssembly Working Group's documentation on Shrinking .wasm Size.
Using the package on the web
Now that we've got a compiled Wasm module, let's run it in the browser.
Let's start by creating a file named index.html
in the root of the project, so we end up with the following project structure:
├── Cargo.lock ├── Cargo.toml ├── index.html ├── pkg │ ├── hello_wasm.d.ts │ ├── hello_wasm.js │ ├── hello_wasm_bg.wasm │ ├── hello_wasm_bg.wasm.d.ts │ └── package.json ├── src │ └── lib.rs └── target ├── CACHEDIR.TAG ├── release └── wasm32-unknown-unknown
Put the following content in the index.html
file:
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>hello-wasm example</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="module">
import init, { greet } from "./pkg/hello_wasm.js";
init().then(() => {
greet("WebAssembly");
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
The script in this file will import the js glue code, initialize the Wasm module, and call the greet
function we wrote in rust.
Serve the root directory of the project with a local web server, (e.g. python3 -m http.server
). If you're not sure how to do that, refer to Running a simple local HTTP server.
Note: Make sure to use an up-to-date web server that supports the application/wasm
MIME type. Older web servers might not support it yet.
Load index.html
from the web server (if you used the Python3 example: http://localhost:8000
). An alert box appears on the screen, with Hello, WebAssembly!
in it. We've successfully called from JavaScript into Rust, and from Rust into JavaScript.
Making our package available to npm
If you want to use the WebAssembly module with npm, we'll need to make a few changes.
Let's start by recompiling our Rust with the target bundler option:
bash
wasm-pack build --target bundler
Install Node.js and npm
We are building an npm package, so you need to have Node.js and npm installed.
To get Node.js and npm, go to the Get npm! page and follow the instructions. This tutorial targets node 16, if you need to switch between node versions, you can use nvm.
Next, let's use npm link
to make this package available to other JavaScript packages installed
bash
cd pkg
npm link
We now have an npm package, written in Rust, but compiled to WebAssembly. It's ready for use from JavaScript, and doesn't require the user to have Rust installed; the code included was the WebAssembly code, not the Rust source.
Using the npm package on the web
Let's build a website that uses our new npm package. Many people use npm packages through various bundler tools, and we'll be using one of them, webpack
, in this tutorial. It's only a bit complex, and shows a realistic use-case.
Let's move back out of the pkg
directory, and make a new directory, site
, to try this out in:
bash
cd ..
mkdir site
cd site
npm link hello-wasm
Create a new file, package.json
, and put the following code in it:
json
{
"scripts": {
"serve": "webpack-dev-server"
},
"dependencies": {
"hello-wasm": "^0.1.0"
},
"devDependencies": {
"webpack": "^4.25.1",
"webpack-cli": "^3.1.2",
"webpack-dev-server": "^3.1.10"
}
}
Next, we need to configure Webpack. Create webpack.config.js
and put the following in it:
js
const path = require("path");
module.exports = {
entry: "./index.js",
output: {
path: path.resolve(__dirname, "dist"),
filename: "index.js",
},
mode: "development",
};
Next, create a file named index.js
, and give it these contents:
js
import("./node_modules/hello-wasm/hello_wasm.js").then((js) => {
js.greet("WebAssembly with npm");
});
This imports the new module from the node_modules
folder. This isn't considered a best practice, but this is a demo, so it's OK for now. Once it's loaded, it calls the greet
function from that module, passing "WebAssembly"
as a string. Note how there's nothing special here, yet we're calling into Rust code. As far as the JavaScript code can tell, this is just a normal module.
Finally, we need to add a HTML file to load the JavaScript. Create an index.html
file and add the following:
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>hello-wasm example</title>
</head>
<body>
<script src="./index.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
The hello-wasm/site
directory should look like this:
├── index.html ├── index.js ├── node_modules │ └── hello-wasm -> ../../pkg ├── package.json └── webpack.config.js
We're done making files. Let's give this a shot:
bash
npm install
npm run serve
This starts a web server. Load http://localhost:8080
and an alert box appears on the screen, with Hello, WebAssembly with npm!
in it. We've successfully used the Rust module with npm.
Conclusion
This is the end of our tutorial; we hope you've found it useful.
There's lots of exciting work going on in this space; if you'd like to help make it even better, check out the Rust WebAssembly Working Group.