Writing WebSocket servers

First, the server must listen for incoming socket connections using a standard TCP socket. Depending on your platform, this may be handled for you automatically. For example, let's assume that your server is listening on example.com, port 8000, and your socket server responds to GET requests at example.com/chat.

The handshake is the "Web" in WebSockets. It's the bridge from HTTP to WebSockets. In the handshake, details of the connection are negotiated, and either party can back out before completion if the terms are unfavorable. The server must be careful to understand everything the client asks for, otherwise security issues can occur.

Even though you're building a server, a client still has to start the WebSocket handshake process by contacting the server and requesting a WebSocket connection. So, you must know how to interpret the client's request. The client will send a pretty standard HTTP request with headers that looks like this (the HTTP version must be 1.1 or greater, and the method must be GET):

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com:8000
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13

The client can solicit extensions and/or subprotocols here; see Miscellaneous for details. Also, common headers like User-Agent, Referer, Cookie, or authentication headers might be there as well. Do whatever you want with those; they don't directly pertain to the WebSocket. It's also safe to ignore them. In many common setups, a reverse proxy has already dealt with them.

If any header is not understood or has an incorrect value, the server should send a 400 ("Bad Request") response and immediately close the socket. As usual, it may also give the reason why the handshake failed in the HTTP response body, but the message may never be displayed (browsers do not display it). If the server doesn't understand that version of WebSockets, it should send a Sec-WebSocket-Version header back that contains the version(s) it does understand. In the example above, it indicates version 13 of the WebSocket protocol.

The most interesting header here is Sec-WebSocket-Key. Let's look at that next.

When the server receives the handshake request, it should send back a special response that indicates that the protocol will be changing from HTTP to WebSocket. That header looks something like the following (remember each header line ends with \r\n and put an extra \r\n after the last one to indicate the end of the header):

HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=

Additionally, the server can decide on extension/subprotocol requests here; see Miscellaneous for details. The Sec-WebSocket-Accept header is important in that the server must derive it from the Sec-WebSocket-Key that the client sent to it. To get it, concatenate the client's Sec-WebSocket-Key and the string "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11" together (it's a "magic string"), take the SHA-1 hash of the result, and return the base64 encoding of that hash.

So if the Key was "dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==", the Sec-WebSocket-Accept header's value is "s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=". Once the server sends these headers, the handshake is complete and you can start swapping data!

This doesn't directly relate to the WebSocket protocol, but it's worth mentioning here: your server must keep track of clients' sockets so you don't keep handshaking again with clients who have already completed the handshake. The same client IP address can try to connect multiple times. However, the server can deny them if they attempt too many connections in order to save itself from Denial-of-Service attacks.

For example, you might keep a table of usernames or ID numbers along with the corresponding WebSocket and other data that you need to associate with that connection.

Either the client or the server can choose to send a message at any time — that's the magic of WebSockets. However, extracting information from these so-called "frames" of data is a not-so-magical experience. Although all frames follow the same specific format, data going from the client to the server is masked using XOR encryption (with a 32-bit key). Section 5 of the specification describes this in detail.

Each data frame (from the client to the server or vice versa) follows this same format:

Frame format:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+
     |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len |    Extended payload length    |
     |I|S|S|S|  (4)  |A|     (7)     |             (16/64)           |
     |N|V|V|V|       |S|             |   (if payload len==126/127)   |
     | |1|2|3|       |K|             |                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
     |     Extended payload length continued, if payload len == 127  |
     + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+
     |                               |Masking-key, if MASK set to 1  |
     +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
     | Masking-key (continued)       |          Payload Data         |
     +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
     :                     Payload Data continued ...                :
     + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
     |                     Payload Data continued ...                |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+

The MASK bit tells whether the message is encoded. Messages from the client must be masked, so your server must expect this to be 1. (In fact, section 5.1 of the spec says that your server must disconnect from a client if that client sends an unmasked message.) When sending a frame back to the client, do not mask it and do not set the mask bit. We'll explain masking later. Note: You must mask messages even when using a secure socket. RSV1-3 can be ignored, they are for extensions.

The opcode field defines how to interpret the payload data: 0x0 for continuation, 0x1 for text (which is always encoded in UTF-8), 0x2 for binary, and other so-called "control codes" that will be discussed later. In this version of WebSockets, 0x3 to 0x7 and 0xB to 0xF have no meaning.

The FIN bit tells whether this is the last message in a series. If it's 0, then the server keeps listening for more parts of the message; otherwise, the server should consider the message delivered. More on this later.

To read the payload data, you must know when to stop reading. That's why the payload length is important to know. Unfortunately, this is somewhat complicated. To read it, follow these steps:

1. Read bits 9-15 (inclusive) and interpret that as an unsigned integer. If it's 125 or less, then that's the length; you're done. If it's 126, go to step 2. If it's 127, go to step 3.
2. Read the next 16 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. You're done.
3. Read the next 64 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. (The most significant bit must be 0.) You're done.

If the MASK bit was set (and it should be, for client-to-server messages), read the next 4 octets (32 bits); this is the masking key. Once the payload length and masking key is decoded, you can read that number of bytes from the socket. Let's call the data ENCODED, and the key MASK. To get DECODED, loop through the octets (bytes a.k.a. characters for text data) of ENCODED and XOR the octet with the (i modulo 4)th octet of MASK. In pseudocode (that happens to be valid JavaScript):

const MASK = [1, 2, 3, 4]; // 4-byte mask
const ENCODED = [105, 103, 111, 104, 110]; // encoded string "hello"

// Create the byte Array of decoded payload
const DECODED = Uint8Array.from(ENCODED, (elt, i) => elt ^ MASK[i % 4]); // Perform an XOR on the mask

Now you can figure out what DECODED means depending on your application.

The FIN and opcode fields work together to send a message split up into separate frames. This is called message fragmentation. Fragmentation is only available on opcodes 0x0 to 0x2.

Recall that the opcode tells what a frame is meant to do. If it's 0x1, the payload is text. If it's 0x2, the payload is binary data. However, if it's 0x0, the frame is a continuation frame; this means the server should concatenate the frame's payload to the last frame it received from that client. Here is a rough sketch, in which a server reacts to a client sending text messages. The first message is sent in a single frame, while the second message is sent across three frames. FIN and opcode details are shown only for the client:

Client: FIN=1, opcode=0x1, msg="hello"
Server: (process complete message immediately) Hi.
Client: FIN=0, opcode=0x1, msg="and a"
Server: (listening, new message containing text started)
Client: FIN=0, opcode=0x0, msg="happy new"
Server: (listening, payload concatenated to previous message)
Client: FIN=1, opcode=0x0, msg="year!"
Server: (process complete message) Happy new year to you too!

Notice the first frame contains an entire message (has FIN=1 and opcode!=0x0), so the server can process or respond as it sees fit. The second frame sent by the client has a text payload (opcode=0x1), but the entire message has not arrived yet (FIN=0). All remaining parts of that message are sent with continuation frames (opcode=0x0), and the final frame of the message is marked by FIN=1. Section 5.4 of the spec describes message fragmentation.

At any point after the handshake, either the client or the server can choose to send a ping to the other party. When the ping is received, the recipient must send back a pong as soon as possible. You can use this to make sure that the client is still connected, for example.

A ping or pong is just a regular frame, but it's a control frame. Pings have an opcode of 0x9, and pongs have an opcode of 0xA. When you get a ping, send back a pong with the exact same Payload Data as the ping (for pings and pongs, the max payload length is 125). You might also get a pong without ever sending a ping; ignore this if it happens.

To close a connection either the client or server can send a control frame with data containing a specified control sequence to begin the closing handshake (detailed in Section 5.5.1). Upon receiving such a frame, the other peer sends a Close frame in response. The first peer then closes the connection. Any further data received after closing of connection is then discarded.

WebSocket extensions and subprotocols are negotiated via headers during the handshake. Sometimes extensions and subprotocols are very similar, but there is a clear distinction. Extensions control the WebSocket frame and modify the payload, while subprotocols structure the WebSocket payload and never modify anything. Extensions are optional and generalized (like compression); subprotocols are mandatory and localized (like ones for chat and for MMORPG games).

Think of an extension as compressing a file before emailing it to someone. Whatever you do, you're sending the same data in different forms. The recipient will eventually be able to get the same data as your local copy, but it is sent differently. That's what an extension does. WebSockets defines a protocol and a simple way to send data, but an extension such as compression could allow sending the same data but in a shorter format.

Think of a subprotocol as a custom XML schema or doctype declaration. You're still using XML and its syntax, but you're additionally restricted by a structure you agreed on. WebSocket subprotocols are just like that. They do not introduce anything fancy, they just establish structure. Like a doctype or schema, both parties must agree on the subprotocol; unlike a doctype or schema, the subprotocol is implemented on the server and cannot be externally referred to by the client.

A client has to ask for a specific subprotocol. To do so, it will send something like this as part of the original handshake:

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
...
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap, wamp

or, equivalently:

...
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: wamp

Now the server must pick one of the protocols that the client suggested and it supports. If there is more than one, send the first one the client sent. Imagine our server can use both soap and wamp. Then, in the response handshake, it sends:

Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap

If you want your server to obey certain subprotocols, then naturally you'll need extra code on the server. Let's imagine we're using a subprotocol json. In this subprotocol, all data is passed as JSON. If the client solicits this protocol and the server wants to use it, the server needs to have a JSON parser. Practically speaking, this will be part of a library, but the server needs to pass the data around.

• Writing WebSocket client applications
• Tutorial: Websocket server in C#
• Tutorial: Websocket server in Java