Using DTMF with WebRTC

A given RTCPeerConnection can have multiple media tracks sent or received on it. When you wish to transmit DTMF signals, you first need to decide which track to send them on, since DTMF is sent as a series of out-of-band payloads on the RTCRtpSender responsible for transmitting that track's data to the other peer.

Once the track is selected, you can obtain from its RTCRtpSender the RTCDTMFSender object you'll use for sending DTMF. From there, you can call RTCDTMFSender.insertDTMF() to enqueue DTMF signals to be sent on the track to the other peer. The RTCRtpSender will then send the tones to the other peer as packets alongside the track's audio data.

Each time a tone is sent, the RTCPeerConnection receives a tonechange event with a tone property specifying which tone finished playing, which is an opportunity to update interface elements, for example. When the tone buffer is empty, indicating that all the tones have been sent, a tonechange event with its tone property set to "" (an empty string) is delivered to the connection object.

If you'd like to know more about how this works, read RFC 3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications and RFC 4733: RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals. The details of how DTMF payloads are handled on RTP are beyond the scope of this article. Instead, we'll focus on how to use DTMF within the context of an RTCPeerConnection by studying how an example works.

This simple example constructs two RTCPeerConnections, establishes a connection between them, then waits for the user to click a "Dial" button. When the button is clicked, a DTMF string is sent over the connection using RTCDTMFSender.insertDTMF(). Once the tones finish transmitting, the connection is closed.

The HTML for this example is very basic; there are only three elements of importance:

• An <audio> element to play the audio received by the RTCPeerConnection being "called."
• A <button> element to trigger creating and connecting the two RTCPeerConnection objects, then sending the DTMF tones.
• A <div> to receive and display log text to show status information.

<p>
  This example demonstrates the use of DTMF in WebRTC. Note that this example is
  "cheating" by generating both peers in one code stream, rather than having
  each be a truly separate entity.
</p>

<audio id="audio" autoplay controls></audio><br />
<button name="dial" id="dial">Dial</button>

<div class="log"></div>

Let's take a look at the JavaScript code next. Keep in mind that the process of establishing the connection is somewhat contrived here; you normally don't build both ends of the connection in the same document.

Global variables

First, we establish global variables.

let dialString = "12024561111";

let callerPC = null;
let receiverPC = null;
let dtmfSender = null;

let hasAddTrack = false;

let mediaConstraints = {
  audio: true,
  video: false,
};

let offerOptions = {
  offerToReceiveAudio: 1,
  offerToReceiveVideo: 0,
};

let dialButton = null;
let logElement = null;

These are, in order:

dialString

The DTMF string the caller will send when the "Dial" button is clicked.

callerPC and receiverPC

The RTCPeerConnection objects representing the caller and the receiver, respectively. These will be initialized when the call starts up, in our connectAndDial() function, as shown in Starting the connection process below.

dtmfSender

The RTCDTMFSender object for the connection. This will be obtained while setting up the connection, in the gotStream() function shown in Adding the audio to the connection.

hasAddTrack

Because some browsers have not yet implemented RTCPeerConnection.addTrack(), therefore requiring the use of the obsolete addStream() method, we use this Boolean to determine whether or not the user agent supports addTrack(); if it doesn't, we'll fall back to addStream(). This gets figured out in connectAndDial(), as shown in Starting the connection process.

mediaConstraints

An object conforming to the MediaConstraints dictionary specifying the constraints to use when starting the connection. We want an audio-only connection, so video is false, while audio is true.

offerOptions

An object providing options to specify when calling RTCPeerConnection.createOffer(). In this case, we state that we want to receive audio but not video.

dialButton and logElement

These variables will be used to store references to the dial button and the <div> into which logging information will be written. They'll get set up when the page is first loaded. See Initialization below.

Initialization

When the page loads, we do some basic setup: we fetch references to the dial button and the log output box elements, and we use addEventListener() to add an event listener to the dial button so that clicking it calls the connectAndDial() function to begin the connection process.

window.addEventListener("load", () => {
  logElement = document.querySelector(".log");
  dialButton = document.querySelector("#dial");

  dialButton.addEventListener("click", connectAndDial, false);
});

Starting the connection process

When the dial button is clicked, connectAndDial() is called. This starts building the WebRTC connection in preparation for sending the DTMF codes.

function connectAndDial() {
  callerPC = new RTCPeerConnection();

  hasAddTrack = callerPC.addTrack !== undefined;

  callerPC.onicecandidate = handleCallerIceEvent;
  callerPC.onnegotiationneeded = handleCallerNegotiationNeeded;
  callerPC.oniceconnectionstatechange = handleCallerIceConnectionStateChange;
  callerPC.onsignalingstatechange = handleCallerSignalingStateChangeEvent;
  callerPC.onicegatheringstatechange = handleCallerGatheringStateChangeEvent;

  receiverPC = new RTCPeerConnection();
  receiverPC.onicecandidate = handleReceiverIceEvent;

  if (hasAddTrack) {
    receiverPC.ontrack = handleReceiverTrackEvent;
  } else {
    receiverPC.onaddstream = handleReceiverAddStreamEvent;
  }

  navigator.mediaDevices
    .getUserMedia(mediaConstraints)
    .then(gotStream)
    .catch((err) => log(err.message));
}

After creating the RTCPeerConnection for the caller (callerPC), we look to see if it has an addTrack() method. If it does, we set hasAddTrack to true; otherwise, we set it to false. This variable will let the example operate even on browsers not yet implementing the newer addTrack() method; we'll do so by falling back to the older addStream() method.

Next, the event handlers for the caller are established. We'll cover these in detail later.

Then a second RTCPeerConnection, this one representing the receiving end of the call, is created and stored in receiverPC; its onicecandidate event handler is set up too.

If addTrack() is supported, we set up the receiver's ontrack event handler; otherwise, we set up onaddstream. The track and addstream events are sent when media is added to the connection.

Finally, we call getUserMedia() to obtain access to the caller's microphone. If successful, the function gotStream() is called, otherwise we log the error because calling has failed.

Adding the audio to the connection

As mentioned above, when the audio input from the microphone is obtained, gotStream() is called. Its job is to build the stream being sent to the receiver, so the actual process of starting to transmit can begin. It also gets access to the RTCDTMFSender we'll use to issue DTMF on the connection.

function gotStream(stream) {
  log("Got access to the microphone.");

  let audioTracks = stream.getAudioTracks();

  if (hasAddTrack) {
    if (audioTracks.length > 0) {
      audioTracks.forEach((track) => callerPC.addTrack(track, stream));
    }
  } else {
    log(
      "Your browser doesn't support RTCPeerConnection.addTrack(). Falling " +
        "back to the <strong>deprecated</strong> addStream() method…"
    );
    callerPC.addStream(stream);
  }

  if (callerPC.getSenders) {
    dtmfSender = callerPC.getSenders()[0].dtmf;
  } else {
    log(
      "Your browser doesn't support RTCPeerConnection.getSenders(), so " +
        "falling back to use <strong>deprecated</strong> createDTMFSender() " +
        "instead."
    );
    dtmfSender = callerPC.createDTMFSender(audioTracks[0]);
  }

  dtmfSender.ontonechange = handleToneChangeEvent;
}

After setting audioTracks to be a list of the audio tracks on the stream from the user's microphone, it's time to add the media to the caller's RTCPeerConnection. If addTrack() is available on the RTCPeerConnection, we add each of the stream's audio tracks, one by one, to the connection using RTCPeerConnection.addTrack(). Otherwise we call RTCPeerConnection.addStream() to add the stream to the call as a single unit.

Next we look to see if the RTCPeerConnection.getSenders() method is implemented. If it is, we call it on callerPC and get the first entry in the returned list of senders; this is the RTCRtpSender responsible for transmitting data for the first audio track on the call (which is the track we'll send DTMF over). We then obtain the RTCRtpSender's dtmf property, which is an RTCDTMFSender object that can send DTMF on the connection, from the caller to the receiver.

If getSenders() isn't available, we instead call RTCPeerConnection.createDTMFSender() to get the RTCDTMFSender object. Although this method is obsolete, this example supports it as a fallback to let older browsers (and those not yet updated to support the current WebRTC DTMF API) run the example.

Finally, we set the DTMF sender's ontonechange event handler so we get notified each time a DTMF tone finishes playing.

You can find the log function at the bottom of the documentation.

When a tone finishes playing

Each time a DTMF tone finishes playing, a tonechange event is delivered to callerPC. The event listener for these is implemented as the handleToneChangeEvent() function.

function handleToneChangeEvent(event) {
  if (event.tone !== "") {
    log(`Tone played: ${event.tone}`);
  } else {
    log("All tones have played. Disconnecting.");
    callerPC.getLocalStreams().forEach((stream) => {
      stream.getTracks().forEach((track) => {
        track.stop();
      });
    });
    receiverPC.getLocalStreams().forEach((stream) => {
      stream.getTracks().forEach((track) => {
        track.stop();
      });
    });

    audio.pause();
    audio.srcObject = null;
    receiverPC.close();
    callerPC.close();
  }
}

The tonechange event is used both to indicate when an individual tone has played and when all tones have finished playing. The event's tone property is a string indicating which tone just finished playing. If all tones have finished playing, tone is an empty string; when that's the case, RTCDTMFSender.toneBuffer is empty.

In this example, we log to the screen which tone just finished playing. In a more advanced application, you might update the user interface, for example, to indicate which note is currently playing.

On the other hand, if the tone buffer is empty, our example is designed to disconnect the call. This is done by stopping each stream on both the caller and the receiver by iterating over each RTCPeerConnection's track list (as returned by its getTracks() method) and calling each track's stop() method.

Once both the caller's and the receiver's media tracks are all stopped, we pause the <audio> element and set its srcObject to null. This detaches the audio stream from the <audio> element.

Then, finally, each RTCPeerConnection is closed by calling its close() method.

Adding candidates to the caller

When the caller's RTCPeerConnection ICE layer comes up with a new candidate to propose, it issues an icecandidate event to callerPC. The icecandidate event handler's job is to transmit the candidate to the receiver. In our example, we are directly controlling both the caller and the receiver, so we can just directly add the candidate to the receiver by calling its addIceCandidate() method. That's handled by handleCallerIceEvent():

function handleCallerIceEvent(event) {
  if (event.candidate) {
    log(`Adding candidate to receiver: ${event.candidate.candidate}`);

    receiverPC
      .addIceCandidate(new RTCIceCandidate(event.candidate))
      .catch((err) => log(`Error adding candidate to receiver: ${err}`));
  } else {
    log("Caller is out of candidates.");
  }
}

If the icecandidate event has a non-null candidate property, we create a new RTCIceCandidate object from the event.candidate string and "transmit" it to the receiver by calling receiverPC.addIceCandidate(), providing the new RTCIceCandidate as its input. If addIceCandidate() fails, the catch() clause outputs the error to our log box.

If event.candidate is null, that indicates that there are no more candidates available, and we log that information.

Dialing once the connection is open

Our design requires that when the connection is established, we immediately send the DTMF string. To accomplish that, we watch for the caller to receive an iceconnectionstatechange event. This event is sent when one of a number of changes occurs to the state of the ICE connection process, including the successful establishment of a connection.

function handleCallerIceConnectionStateChange() {
  log(`Caller's connection state changed to ${callerPC.iceConnectionState}`);
  if (callerPC.iceConnectionState === "connected") {
    log(`Sending DTMF: "${dialString}"`);
    dtmfSender.insertDTMF(dialString, 400, 50);
  }
}

The iceconnectionstatechange event doesn't actually include within it the new state, so we get the connection process's current state from callerPC's RTCPeerConnection.iceConnectionState property. After logging the new state, we look to see if the state is "connected". If so, we log the fact that we're about to send the DTMF, then we call dtmf.insertDTMF() to send the DTMF on the same track as the audio data method on the RTCDTMFSender object we previously stored in dtmfSender.

Our call to insertDTMF() specifies not only the DTMF to send (dialString), but also the length of each tone in milliseconds (400 ms) and the amount of time between tones (50 ms).

Negotiating the connection

When the calling RTCPeerConnection begins to receive media (after the microphone's stream is added to it), a negotiationneeded event is delivered to the caller, letting it know that it's time to start negotiating the connection with the receiver. As previously mentioned, our example is simplified somewhat because we control both the caller and the receiver, so handleCallerNegotiationNeeded() is able to quickly construct the connection by chaining the required calls together for both the caller and receiver, as shown below.

function handleCallerNegotiationNeeded() {
  log("Negotiating…");
  callerPC
    .createOffer(offerOptions)
    .then((offer) => {
      log(`Setting caller's local description: ${offer.sdp}`);
      return callerPC.setLocalDescription(offer);
    })
    .then(() => {
      log(
        "Setting receiver's remote description to the same as caller's local"
      );
      return receiverPC.setRemoteDescription(callerPC.localDescription);
    })
    .then(() => {
      log("Creating answer");
      return receiverPC.createAnswer();
    })
    .then((answer) => {
      log(`Setting receiver's local description to ${answer.sdp}`);
      return receiverPC.setLocalDescription(answer);
    })
    .then(() => {
      log("Setting caller's remote description to match");
      return callerPC.setRemoteDescription(receiverPC.localDescription);
    })
    .catch((err) => log(`Error during negotiation: ${err.message}`));
}

Since the various methods involved in negotiating the connection return promises, we can chain them together like this:

1. Call callerPC.createOffer() to get an offer.
2. Then take that offer and set the caller's local description to match by calling callerPC.setLocalDescription().
3. Then "transmit" the offer to the receiver by calling receiverPC.setRemoteDescription(). This configures the receiver so that it knows how the caller is configured.
4. Then the receiver creates an answer by calling receiverPC.createAnswer().
5. Then the receiver sets its local description to match the newly-created answer by calling receiverPC.setLocalDescription().
6. Then the answer is "transmitted" to the caller by calling callerPC.setRemoteDescription(). This lets the caller know what the receiver's configuration is.
7. If at any time an error occurs, the catch() clause outputs an error message to the log.

Tracking other state changes

We can also watch for changes to the signaling state (by accepting signalingstatechange events) and the ICE gathering state (by accepting icegatheringstatechange events). We aren't using these for anything, so all we do is log them. We could have not set up these event listeners at all.

function handleCallerSignalingStateChangeEvent() {
  log(`Caller's signaling state changed to ${callerPC.signalingState}`);
}

function handleCallerGatheringStateChangeEvent() {
  log(`Caller's ICE gathering state changed to ${callerPC.iceGatheringState}`);
}

Adding candidates to the receiver

When the receiver's RTCPeerConnection ICE layer comes up with a new candidate to propose, it issues an icecandidate event to receiverPC. The icecandidate event handler's job is to transmit the candidate to the caller. In our example, we are directly controlling both the caller and the receiver, so we can just directly add the candidate to the caller by calling its addIceCandidate() method. That's handled by handleReceiverIceEvent().

This code is analogous to the icecandidate event handler for the caller, seen in Adding candidates to the caller above.

function handleReceiverIceEvent(event) {
  if (event.candidate) {
    log(`Adding candidate to caller: ${event.candidate.candidate}`);

    callerPC
      .addIceCandidate(new RTCIceCandidate(event.candidate))
      .catch((err) => log(`Error adding candidate to caller: ${err}`));
  } else {
    log("Receiver is out of candidates.");
  }
}

If the icecandidate event has a non-null candidate property, we create a new RTCIceCandidate object from the event.candidate string and deliver it to the caller by passing that into callerPC.addIceCandidate(). If addIceCandidate() fails, the catch() clause outputs the error to our log box.

If event.candidate is null, that indicates that there are no more candidates available, and we log that information.

Adding media to the receiver

When the receiver begins to receive media, an event is delivered to the receiver's RTCPeerConnection, receiverPC. As explained in Starting the connection process, the current WebRTC specification uses the track event for this, but some browsers haven't been updated to support this yet, so we also need to handle the addstream event. The handleReceiverTrackEvent() and handleReceiverAddStreamEvent() methods, shown below, handle these.

function handleReceiverTrackEvent(event) {
  audio.srcObject = event.streams[0];
}

function handleReceiverAddStreamEvent(event) {
  audio.srcObject = event.stream;
}

The track event includes a streams property containing an array of the streams the track is a member of (one track can be part of many streams). We take the first stream and attach it to the <audio> element.

The addstream event includes a stream property specifying a single stream added to the track. We attach it to the <audio> element.

Logging

A simple log() function is used throughout the code to append HTML to a <div> box for displaying status and errors to the user.

function log(msg) {
  logElement.innerHTML += `${msg}<br/>`;
}

You can try this example here. When you click the "Dial" button, you should see a series of logging messages output, then the dialing will begin. If your browser plays the tones audibly as part of its user experience, you should hear them as they're transmitted.

Once transmission of the tones is complete, the connection is closed. You can click "Dial" again to reconnect and send the tones again.

• WebRTC API
• Lifetime of a WebRTC session
• Signaling and video calling (a tutorial and example which explains the signaling process in more detail)
• Introduction to WebRTC protocols